RELAȚIA DINTRE ANXIETATE ȘI RISCUL PENTRU ABUZUL DE ALCOOL ÎN RÂNDUL ADOLESCENȚILOR: ROLUL MODERATOR AL SUPORTULUI SOCIAL DIN PARTEA FAMILIEI
Cuvinte cheie:
adolescenți, abuz de alcool, anxietate, suport social din partea familiei, efect de moderare.Rezumat
Numeroase cercetări au arătat că abuzul de alcool în rândul adolescenților este o problemă majoră de sănătate. Înțelegerea factorilor de risc/protecție asociați abuzului de alcool în populația de adolescenți este esențială pentru a se asigura o prevenire eficientă și intervenții individuale timpurii. În acest cadru de lucru larg, un domeniu empiric căruia i s-a acordat o atenție din ce în ce mai mare este asocierea dintre abuzul de alcool în rândul adolescenților și problemele în ceea ce privește anxietatea. Mai multe investigații sugerează că suportul social din partea familiei poate reduce în mod eficient problemele legate de sănătate, inclusiv anxietatea și abuzul de alcool în rândul adolescenților. Scopul acestui studiu a fost de a examina dacă suportul social din partea familiei moderează asocierea dintre simptomele anxietății și riscul pentru abuzul de alcool în rândul adolescenților. Un eșantion din populația generală format din 688 adolescenți români a completat mai multe instrumente standardizate, inclusiv un instrument destinat evaluării riscului curent pentru abuzul de alcool, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (Zimet et al., 1988) și un index pentru evaluarea anxietății, care a fost extras din Youth Self-Report (Achenbach & Rescorla, 1991). Riscul pentru abuzul de alcool s-a asociat pozitiv și semnificativ din punct de vedere statistic cu anxietatea (r = 0.373; p < 0.001), respectiv, negativ cu suportul social din partea familiei (r = - 0.280; p < 0.001). De asemenea, a fost identificată o relație inversă între suportul social din partea familiei și anxietate (r = - 0.341; p < 0.001). Analiza de regresie liniară multiplă ierarhică a oferit dovezi pentru relația de moderare. Pe scurt spus, suportul social din partea familiei poate acționa ca un tampon prin reducerea riscurilor asociate anxietății. Sunt discutate câteva implicații practice pentru intervențiile preventive.
Referințe
ACHENBACH, T.M, RESCORLA, L., Manual for the ASEBA School Age Forms & Profiles, Burlington, VT, University of Vermont, Research Centre for Children, Youth & Family, 2001.
AGENȚIA NAȚIONALĂ ANTIDROG, Studiul în școli privind consumul de alcool, tutun și droguri ilicite în România – ESPAD 2019. Raport disponibil online pe http://ana.gov.ro/wp-content/.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS – COMMITTEE ON SUBSTANCE ABUSE, Policy statement – Alcohol use by youth and adolescents: A pediatric concern, Pediatrics, 125, 5, 2010, p. 1078–1087.
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. DSM-5 (5th ed.), Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
ANYAN, F., HJEMDAL, O., Adolescent stress and symptoms of anxiety and depression: Resilience explains and differentiates the relationships, Journal of Affective Disorders, 203, 2016, p. 213–220.
ARBUCKLE, J.L., IBM® SPSS® AMOSTM 20 User’s Guide, Chicago, IL, IBM Corporation, 2011.
AUERBACH, R.P., BIGDA-PEYTON, J.S., EBERHART, N.K., WEBB, C.A., HO, M.H., Conceptualizing the prospective relationship between social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among adolescents, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 4, 2011, p. 475–487.
BARON, R.M., & KENNY, D.A., The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 6, 1986, p. 1173–1182.
BARRERA, M. JR., GARRISON-JONES, C., Family and peer social support as specific correlates of adolescent depressive symptoms, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 20, 1, 1992, p. 1–16.
BAUER, A., STEVENS, M., PURTSCHELLER, D., KNAPP, M., FONAGY, P., EVANS-LACKO, S., PAUL, J., Mobilising social support to improve mental health for children and adolescents: A systematic review using principles of realist synthesis, PLoS ONE, 16, 5, e0251750, 2021. Articol disponibil online pe https://journals.plos.org/. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251750.
BRAILOVSKAIA, J., SCHÖNFELD, P., ZHANG, X.C., BIEDA, A., KOCHETKOV, Y., MARGRAF, J., A cross-cultural study in Germany, Russia, and China: Are resilient and social supported students protected against depression, anxiety, and stress?, Psychological Reports, 121, 2, 2018, p. 265–281.
BRUWER, B., EMSLEY, R., KIDD, M., LOCHNER, C., SEEDAT, S., Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in youth, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 49, 2, 2008, p. 195–201.
CARLSON, M.D.A., MORRISON, R.S., Study design, precision, and validity in observational studies, Journal of Palliative Medicine, 12, 1, 2009, p. 77–82.
CHENG, C., Role of perceived social support on depression in Chinese adolescents: A prospective study examining the buffering model, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 9, 1997, p. 800–820.
CHENG, S.T., CHAN, A.C.M., The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support: Dimensionality and age and gender differences in adolescents, Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 7, 2004, p. 1359–1369.
CHU, P.O., SAUCIER, D.A., HAFNER, E., Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29, 6, 2010, p. 624–645.
COHEN, S., GOTTLIEB, B., UNDERWOOD, L., Theoretical and historical perspectives, în COHEN, S., UNDERWOOD, L., GOTTLIEB, B. (Eds.), Social Support Measurement and Intervention: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists, New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 3–28.
COHEN, S., PRESSMAN, S., Stress-buffering hypothesis, în ANDERSON, N.B. (Editor-in-Chief), Encyclopedia of Health & Behavior (Vol. 2.), Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 2004, p. 780–782.
COHEN, S., WILLS, T.A., Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis, Psychological Bulletin, 98, 2, 1985, p. 310–357.
COLLINS, W.A., LAURSEN, B., Parent-adolescent relationships and influences, în LERNER, R.M., STEINBERG, L. (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (2nd ed.), Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004, p. 331–361.
DAFINOIU, I., Anxietatea, în BONCU, Șt., NASTAS, D. (Coord.), Emoțiile complexe, Iași, Editura Polirom, 2015, p. 89–98.
DeWIT, D.J., ADLAF, E.M., OFFORD, D.R., OGBORNE, A.C., Age at first alcohol use: A risk factor for the development of alcohol disorders, American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 5, 2000, p. 745–750.
DHALLA, S., ZUMBO, B.D., POOLE, G., A review of the psychometric properties of the CRAFFT instrument: 1999–2010, Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 4, 1, 2011, p. 57–64.
DOHERTY, E.E., GREEN, K.M., REISINGER, H.S., ENSMINGER, M.E., Long-term patterns of drug use among an urban African-American cohort: The role of gender and family, Journal of Urban Health, 85, 2, 2008, p. 250–267.
EDWARDS, L.M., Measuring perceived social support in Mexican American youth: psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 2, 2004, p. 187–194.
FITZGERALD, A., MAC GIOLLABHUI, N., DOLPHIN, L., WHELAN, R., DOOLEY, B., Dissociable psychosocial profiles of adolescent substance users, PLoS ONE, 13, 8, e0202498, 2018. Articol disponibil online pe https://journals.plos.org/. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202498.
FRAZIER, P.A., TIX, A.P., BARRON, K.E., Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology research, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 1, 2004, p. 115–134.
GOTTLIEB, B.H., BERGEN, A.E., Social support concepts and measures, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69, 5, 2010, p. 511–520.
GRANT, B.F., STINSON, F.S., HARFORD, T.C., Age at onset of alcohol use and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: A 12-year follow-up, Journal of Substance Abuse, 13, 4, 2001, p. 493–504.
GURUNG, R.A.R., Health Psychology: A Cultural Approach, Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2006.
HAMDAN-MANSOUR, A.M., PUSKAR, K., SEREIKA, S.M., Perceived social support, coping strategies and alcohol use among rural adolescents/USA sample, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 5, 1, 2007, p. 53–64.
HAWKINS, J.D., CATALANO, R.F., MILLER, J.Y., Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthhood: Implications for substance abuse prevention, Psychological Bulletin, 112, 1, 1992, p. 64–105.
HELGESON, V.S., Social support and quality of life, Quality of Life Research, 12, 1, 2003, p. 25–31.
HOFFMANN, J.P., CERBONE, F.G., SU, S.S., A growth curve analysis of stress and adolescent drug use, Substance Use & Misuse, 35, 5, 2000, p. 687–716.
HOLAHAN, C.J., VALENTINER, D.P., MOOS, R.H., Parental support, coping strategies, and psychological adjustment: An integrative model with late adolescents, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 6, 1995, p. 633–648.
IVANOVA, M.Y., ACHENBACH, T.M., RESCORLA, L.A., DUMENCI, L., ALMQVIST, F., BILENBERG, N., BIRD, H., BROBERG, A.G., DOBREAN, A., DÖPFNER, M., EROL, N., FORNS, M., HANNESDOTTIR, H., KANBAYASHI, Y., LAMBERT, M.C. et al., The generalizability of the Youth Self-Report syndrome structure in 23 societies, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 5, 2007, p. 729–738.
JOHNSTON, L.D., MIECH, R.A., OʼMALLEY, P.M., BACHMAN, J.G., SCHULENBERG, J.E., PATRICK, M.E., Monitoring the Future National Survey Results on Drug Use, 1975-2018: Overview – Key Findings on Adolescent Drug Use, Ann Arbor, MI, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 2019. Raport disponibil online pe www.monitoringthefuture.org//pubs.
JUNG, J., Toward a social psychology of social support, Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8, 1–2, 1987, p. 57–83.
KAZARIAN, S.S., MCCABE, S.B., Dimensions of social support in the MSPSS: Factorial structure, reliability, and theoretical implications, Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 2, 1991, p. 150–160.
KLINE, R.B., Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (3rd ed.), New York, NY, Guilford Press, 2011.
KNIGHT, J.R., SHERRITT, L., SHRIER, L.A., HARRIS, S.K., CHANG, G., Validity of the CRAFFT substance abuse screening test among adolescent clinic patients, Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 156, 6, 2002, p. 607–614.
KNIGHT, J.R., SHRIER, L.A., BRAVENDER, T.D., FARRELL, M., VANDER BILT, J., SHAFFER, H.J., A new brief screen for adolescent substance abuse, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 153, 6, 1999, p. 591–596.
KOÇKAR, A.I., GENÇÖZ, T., Personality, social support, and anxiety among adolescents preparing for university entrance examinations in Turkey, Current Psychology, 23, 2, 2004, p. 138–146.
LABĂR, A.-V., SPSS pentru ştiinţele educaţiei, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2008.
LEUNG, L., Stressful life events, motives for Internet use, and social support among digital kids, CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 10, 2, 2007, p. 204–214.
LÓPEZ, M.L., COOPER, L., Social Support Measure Review. Final Report, 2011. Raport diponibil online pe www.first5la.org.
MANN, R.E., PAGLIA-BOAK, A., ADLAF, E.M., BEITCHMAN, J., WOLFE, D., WEKERLE, C., HAMILTON, H.A., REHM, J., Estimating the prevalence of anxiety and mood disorders in an adolescent general population: An evaluation of the GHQ12, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 4, 2011, p. 410–420.
McDONALD, K.L., BOWKER, J.C., RUBIN, K.H., LAURSEN, B., DUCHENE, M.S., Interactions between rejection sensitivity and supportive relationships in the prediction of adolescentsʼ internalizing difficulties, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 5, 2010, p. 563–574.
MORGAN, G.A., LEECH, N.L., GLOECKNER, G.W., BARRETT, K.C., SPSS for Introductory Statistics: Use and Interpretation (2nd ed.), Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2004.
NGAI, N.-P., CHEUNG, C.-K., Family stress on adolescents in Hong Kong and the mainland of China, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 8, 2–3, 2000, p. 183–206.
PAPALIA, D.E., WENDKOS OLDS, S., DUSKIN FELDMAN, R.D., Dezvoltarea umană (trad.), Bucureşti, Editura Trei, 2010.
PARADIS, A.D., GIACONIA, R.M., REINHERZ, R.Z., BEARDSLEE, W.R., WARD, K.E., FITZMAURICE, G.M., Adolescent family factors promoting healthy adult functioning: A longitudinal community study, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 16, 1, 2011, p. 30–37.
PARKER, J.S., BENSON, M.J., Parent-adolescent relations and adolescent functioning: Self-esteem, substance abuse, and delinquency, Adolescence, 39, 155, 2004, p. 519–530.
PATRICK, M.E., SCHULENBERG, J.E., OʼMALLEY, P.M., JOHNSTON, L.D., BACHMAN, J.G., Adolescents’ reported reasons for alcohol and marijuana use as predictors of substance use and problems in adulthood, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 72, 1, 2011, p. 106–116.
PEDERSEN, W., VON SOEST, T., Adolescent alcohol use and binge drinking: An 18-year trend study of prevalence and correlates, Alcohol and Alcoholism, 50, 2, 2015, p. 219–225.
PETITO, F., CUMMINS, R.A., Quality of life in adolescence: The role of perceived control, parenting style, and social support, Behaviour Change, 17, 3, 2000, p. 196–207.
PIKO, B., Perceived social support from parents and peers: Which is the stronger predictor of adolescent substance use? Substance Use & Misuse, 35, 4, 2000, p. 617–630.
POKORNY, A.D., MILLER, B.A., KAPLAN, H.B., The brief MAST: A shortened version of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 129, 3, 1972, p. 342–345.
REINHERZ, H.Z., GIACONIA, R.M., PARADIS, A.D., NOVERO, C., KERRIGAN, M.K., Health-promoting influences of the family on late adolescent functioning, Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 25, 6, 2008, p. 517–530.
RESNICK, M.D., BEARMAN, P.S., BLUM, R.W., BAUMAN, K.E., HARRIS, K.M., JONES, J., TABOR, J., BEUHRING, T., SIEVING, R.E., SHEW, M., IRELAND, M., BEARINGER, L.H., UDRY, J.R., Protecting adolescents from harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health, Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 10, 1997, p. 823–832.
ROBU, V., Rolul suportului social din partea familiei în generarea şi menţinerea stării de bine în rândul adolescenţilor. O sinteză a evidenţelor empirice, în vol. Aspecte psihologice ale familiei contemporane şi problemele educaţiei copilului. Materialele conferinţei a VIII-a a psihologilor practicieni, cu participare internaţională, Chișinău, Direcţia Generală Educaţie, Tineret şi Sport, 2012, p. 74–83.
ROBU, V., Perceived social support, school engagement, and school adjustment among adolescents: Testing a structural model of relationships, Romanian Journal of School Psychology, 6, 11, 2013, p. 7–29.
ROBU, V., SANDOVICI, A., CIUDIN, M., Measuring perceived social support in Romanian adolescents: Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Journal of Innovation in Psychology, Education and Didactics, 24, 1, 2020, p. 65–90.
ROSENFELD, L.B., RICHMAN, J.M., BOWEN, G.L., Social support networks and school outcomes: The centrality of the teacher, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17, 3, 2000, p. 205–226.
RUEGER, S.Y., MALECKI, C.K., DEMARAY, M.K., Relationship between multiple sources of perceived social support and psychological and academic adjustment in early adolescence: Comparisons across gender, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1, 2010, p. 47–61.
SANDOVICI, A., TUFEANU, M., MIHĂILĂ, M.L., Comportamentele cu risc pentru sănătate în rândul adolescenților români: o analiză cantitativă bazată pe modele predictive, Anuarul Universității ,,Petre Andrei” din Iași (Fascicula: Asistență Socială, Sociologie, Psihologie), 15, 2016, p. 61–97.
SCHERMELLEH-ENGEL, K., MOOSBRUGGER, H., & MÜLLER, H., Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures, Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8, 2, 2003, p. 23–74.
SCHWARZER, C., BUCHWALD, P., Social support, în SPIELBERGER, C.D. (Editor-in-Chief), Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology (Vol. 3), New York, NY, Elsevier, 2004, p. 435–441.
SCIARAFFA, M.A., ZEANAH, P.D., ZEANAH, C.H., Understanding and promoting resilience in the context of adverse childhood experiences, Early Childhood Education Journal, 46, 3, 2018, p. 343–353.
SHATKIN, J.P., Child & Adolescent Mental Health: A Practical, All-in-One Guide, New York, NY, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2015.
STEINBERG, L., SHEFFIELD MORRIS, A., Adolescent development, Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 2001, p. 83–110.
STERRETT, E.M., JONES, D.J., McKEE, L.G., KINCAID, C., Supportive non-parental adults and adolescent psychosocial functioning: Using social support as a theoretical framework, American Journal of Community Psychology, 48, 3-4, 2011, p. 284–295.
STICE, E., BARRERA, M., A longitudinal examination of the reciprocal relations between perceived parenting and adolescentsʼ substance use and externalizing behaviors, Developmental Psychology, 31, 2, 1995, p. 322–334.
STOLLE, M., SACK, P.-M., THOMASIUS, R., Binge drinking in childhood and adolescence: Epidemiology, consequences, and interventions, Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 106, 19, 2009, p. 323–328.
THOITS, P.A., Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51, Special Issue, 2010, S41–S53. Articol disponibil online pe http://hsb.sagepub.com. doi: 10.1177/0022146510383499.
THOMAS, B.F., RAUL, C., SALLY, C., GRIFFITH, E., NORMAN, G., KATHRYN, G., GRUBE, J.W., HILL, L., HOLDER, H., HOMEL, R., LIVINGSTON, M., ÖSTERBERG, E., REHM, J., ROOM, R., INGEBORG, R., Alcohol – No Ordinary Commodity: Research and Public Policy (2nd ed.), New York, NY, Oxford University Press, 2010.
UCHINO, B.N., Understanding the links between social support and physical health: A lifespan perspective with emphasis on the separability of perceived and received support, Perspectives on Psycholological Science, 4, 3, 2009, p. 236–255.
VAN DROOGENBROECK, F., SPRUYT, B., KEPPENS, G., Gender differences in mental health problems among adolescents and the role of social support: Results from the Belgian health interview surveys 2008 and 2013, BMC Psychiatry, 18, Article 6, 2018. Articol disponibil online pe https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com. doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-1591-4.
VAN OORT, F.V.A., VERHULST, F.C., ORMEL, J., HUIZINK, A.C., Prospective community study of family stress and anxiety in (pre)adolescents: The TRAILS study, European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 6, 2010, p. 483–491.
WAGNER, F.A., ANTHONY, J.C., From first drug use to drug dependence: Developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol, Neuropsychopharmacology, 26, 4, 2002, p. 479–488.
WEST, S.G., FINCH, J.F., CURRAN, P.J., Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies, în HOYLE, R.H. (Ed.), Structural Equation Modeling. Concepts, Issues, and Applications, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, 1995, p. 56–75.
YOUNG, J.F., BERENSON, K., COHEN, P., GARCIA, J., The role of parent and peer support in predicting adolescent depression: A longitudinal community study, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 4, 2005, p. 407–423.
ZIMET, G.D., DAHLEM, N.W., ZIMET, S.G., FARLEY, G.K., The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 1, 1988, p. 30–41.
